Free Essays on Safety

One Level of Safety The Department of Transportation (DOT) Secretary Federico Pena and the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) Administrator David Hinson announced that they are making the most comprehensive changes ever in aviation rule making. The article does not specify were the changes come from but I believe it's the Federal Aviation Regulation (FAR) part 121. The new Commuter Safety Initiative rules sets the same safety standards for passengers on scheduled flights regardless of size. Commuter airlines will be required to comply with the same rules as major airlines to include: operational, equipment, and performance safety standards. Under the old system there were two sets of rules, one for aircraft with 10 to 30 seats and one with 31 or more seats. Commuter aircraft now must have the same or equivalent safety standards as major airlines. President Clinton said, â€Å"A universal high level of safety for all commercial airplanes is a bold step forward in the interest of passengers, and demonstrates how commonsense government can make a real difference in the lives of all Americans.† The new commuter rule also includes more comprehensive training standards dealing with Crew Resource Management(CRM). The CRM standards put into motion the FAA’s efforts to address â€Å"human factor† problems dealing with flight crew and dispatchers. The new rules will provide the tools to meet extensive growth in commuter aviation. There is an impressive move forward by government, labor, and industry towards the mutual goal of zero accidents, said Pena. A major focus of the new commuter rule is for all commercial operators to have a safety officer, improve their deicing programs, upgrade operations and air-crew manuals, implement a carry-on-baggage program. It also requires duty limits for aircraft maintenance workers and additional medical kits and fire protection devices. Hinson said, â€Å"The Commuter Safety Initiative w... Free Essays on Safety Free Essays on Safety One Level of Safety The Department of Transportation (DOT) Secretary Federico Pena and the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) Administrator David Hinson announced that they are making the most comprehensive changes ever in aviation rule making. The article does not specify were the changes come from but I believe it's the Federal Aviation Regulation (FAR) part 121. The new Commuter Safety Initiative rules sets the same safety standards for passengers on scheduled flights regardless of size. Commuter airlines will be required to comply with the same rules as major airlines to include: operational, equipment, and performance safety standards. Under the old system there were two sets of rules, one for aircraft with 10 to 30 seats and one with 31 or more seats. Commuter aircraft now must have the same or equivalent safety standards as major airlines. President Clinton said, â€Å"A universal high level of safety for all commercial airplanes is a bold step forward in the interest of passengers, and demonstrates how commonsense government can make a real difference in the lives of all Americans.† The new commuter rule also includes more comprehensive training standards dealing with Crew Resource Management(CRM). The CRM standards put into motion the FAA’s efforts to address â€Å"human factor† problems dealing with flight crew and dispatchers. The new rules will provide the tools to meet extensive growth in commuter aviation. There is an impressive move forward by government, labor, and industry towards the mutual goal of zero accidents, said Pena. A major focus of the new commuter rule is for all commercial operators to have a safety officer, improve their deicing programs, upgrade operations and air-crew manuals, implement a carry-on-baggage program. It also requires duty limits for aircraft maintenance workers and additional medical kits and fire protection devices. Hinson said, â€Å"The Commuter Safety Initiative w...

USS Yorktown (CV-10) in World War II

USS Yorktown (CV-10) in World War II USS Yorktown (CV-10) was an American Essex-class aircraft carrier that entered service during World War II. Originally dubbed USS Bonhomme Richard, the ship was renamed following the loss of USS Yorktown (CV-5) at the Battle of Midway in June 1942. The new Yorktown took part in the majority of the Allies island hopping campaign across the Pacific. Modernized after the war, it later served during the Vietnam War as an anti-submarine and sea-air rescue carrier. In 1968, Yorktown acted as the recovery vessel for the historic Apollo 8 mission to the Moon. Decommissioned in 1970, the carrier is presently a museum ship in Charleston, SC. Design Construction Designed in the 1920s and early 1930s, the U.S. Navys Lexington- and Yorktown-class aircraft carriers were constructed to conform to the restrictions set forth by the Washington Naval Treaty. This agreement placed limitations on the tonnage of various types of warships as well as capped each signatories’ overall tonnage. These types of restrictions were affirmed through the 1930 London Naval Treaty. As global tensions worsened, Japan and Italy left the agreement in 1936. With the collapse of the treaty system, the U.S. Navy began creating a design for a new, larger class of aircraft carrier and one which drew from the lessons learned from the Yorktown-class. The resulting design was longer and wider as well as included a deck-edge elevator system. This had been used previously on USS Wasp. In addition to carrying a larger air group, the new design possessed a greatly enhanced anti-aircraft armament. Dubbed the Essex-class, the lead ship, USS Essex (CV-9), was laid down in April 1941. This was followed by USS Bonhomme Richard (CV-10), an homage to John Paul Joness ship during the American Revolution on December 1. This second ship began to take shape at Newport News Shipbuilding and Drydock Company. Six days after construction began, the United States entered World War II following the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor. USS Yorktown (CV-5) under attack during the Battle of Midway, June 1942. US Naval History and Heritage Command   With the loss of USS Yorktown (CV-5) at the Battle of Midway in June 1942, the name of the new carrier was changed to USS Yorktown (CV-10) to honor its predecessor. On January 21, 1943, Yorktown slid down the ways with First Lady Eleanor Roosevelt serving as sponsor. Eager to have the new carrier ready for combat operations, the U.S. Navy rushed its completion and the carrier was commissioned on April 15 with Captain Joseph J. Clark in command. USS Yorktown (CV-10) OverviewNation: United StatesType: Aircraft CarrierShipyard: Newport News Shipbuilding CompanyLaid Down: December 1, 1941Launched: January 21, 1943Commissioned: April 15, 1943Fate: Museum ShipSpecificationsDisplacement: 27,100 tonsLength: 872 ft.Beam: 147 ft., 6 in.Draft: 28 ft., 5 in.Propulsion: 8 Ãâ€" boilers, 4 Ãâ€" Westinghouse geared steam turbines, 4 Ãâ€" shaftsSpeed: 33 knotsRange: 20,000 nautical miles at 15 knotsComplement: 2,600 menArmament4 Ãâ€" twin 5 inch 38 caliber guns4 Ãâ€" single 5 inch 38 caliber guns8 Ãâ€" quadruple 40 mm 56 caliber guns46 Ãâ€" single 20 mm 78 caliber gunsAircraft90-100 aircraft Joining the Fight In late May, Yorktown sailed from Norfolk to conduct shakedown and training operations in the Caribbean. Returning to base in June, the carrier underwent minor repairs before practicing air operations until July 6. Departing the Chesapeake, Yorktown transited the Panama Canal before arriving at Pearl Harbor on July 24. Remaining in Hawaiian waters for the next four weeks, the carrier continued training before joining Task Force 15 for a raid on Marcus Island. The crew of the US Navy aircraft carrier USS Yorktown (CV-10) stands at attention as the National Ensign is raised, during commissioning ceremonies at the Norfolk Navy Yard, Virginia (USA), on 15 April 1943. Yorktown is freshly painted in Camouflage Measure 21. US Naval History and Heritage Command   Launching aircraft on August 31, the carriers planes pounded the island before TF 15 withdrew to Hawaii. Following a brief voyage to San Francisco, Yorktown mounted attacks on Wake Island in early October before joining Task Force 50 in November for the campaign in the Gilbert Islands. Arriving in the area on November 19, its aircraft provided support for Allied forces during the Battle of Tarawa as well as struck targets on Jaluit, Mili, and Makin. With the capture of Tarawa, Yorktown returned to Pearl Harbor after raiding Wotje and Kwajalein. Island Hopping On January 16, Yorktown returned to sea and sailed for the Marshall Islands as part of Task Force 58.1. Arriving, the carrier launched strikes against Maloelap on January 29 before shifting to Kwajalein the next day. On January 31, Yorktowns aircraft provided cover and support the V Amphibious Corps as it opened the Battle of Kwajalein. The carrier continued in this mission until February 4. Sailing from Majuro eight days later, Yorktown took part in Rear Admiral Marc Mitschers attack on Truk on February 17-18 before embarking on a series of raids in the Marianas (February 22) and Palau Islands (March 30-31). Returning to Majuro to replenish, Yorktown then moved south to aid General Douglas MacArthurs landings on the north coast of New Guinea. With the conclusion of these operations in late April, the carrier sailed for Pearl Harbor where it conducted training operations for much of May. Rejoining TF 58 in early June, Yorktown moved towards the Marianas to cover Allied landings on Saipan. On June 19, Yorktowns aircraft began the day by mounting raids on Guam before joining the opening stages of the Battle of the Philippine Sea. The following day, Yorktowns pilots succeeded in locating Admiral Jisaburo Ozawas fleet and commenced attacks on the carrier Zuikaku scoring some hits. As fighting continued through the day, American forces sank three enemy carriers and destroyed around 600 aircraft. In the wake of the victory, Yorktown resumed operations in the Marianas before raiding Iwo Jima, Yap, and Ulithi. At the end of July, the carrier, in need of an overhaul, departed the region and steamed for Puget Sound Navy Yard. Arriving on August 17, it spent the next two months in the yard. The US Navy aircraft carrier USS Yorktown (CV-10) during the Marcus Island raid on 31 August 1943. US Naval History and Heritage Command   Victory in the Pacific Sailing from Puget Sound, Yorktown arrived at Eniwetok, via Alameda, on October 31. Joining first Task Group 38.4, then TG 38.1, it attacked targets in the Philippines in support of the Allied invasion of Leyte. Retiring to Ulithi on November 24, Yorktown shifted to TF 38 and prepared for the invasion of Luzon. Striking targets on that island in December, it endured a severe typhoon that sank three destroyers. After replenishing at Ulithi late in the month, Yorktown sailed for raids on Formosa and the Philippines as troops prepared to land at Lingayen Gulf, Luzon. On January 12, the carriers planes conducted a highly successful raid on Saigon and Tourane Bay, Indochina. This was followed by attacks on Formosa, Canton, Hong Kong, and Okinawa. The following month, Yorktown began attacks on the Japanese home islands and then supported the invasion of Iwo Jima. After resuming strikes on Japan late in February, Yorktown withdrew to Ulithi on March 1. After two weeks of rest, Yorktown returned north and began operations against Japan on March 18. That afternoon a Japanese air attack succeeded in hitting the carriers signal bridge. The resulting explosion killed 5 and wounded 26 but had little effect on Yorktowns operations. Shifting south, the carrier began focusing its efforts against Okinawa. Remaining off the island following the landing of Allied forces, Yorktown aided in defeating Operation Ten-Go and sinking the battleship Yamato on April 7. S Supporting operations on Okinawa through early June, the carrier then departed for a series of attacks on Japan. For the next two months, Yorktown operated off the Japanese coast with its aircraft mounting their final raid against Tokyo on August 13. With the surrender of Japan, the carrier steamed offshore to provide cover for the occupation forces. Its aircraft also delivered food and supplies to Allied prisoners of war. Leaving Japan on October 1, Yorktown embarked passengers at Okinawa before steaming for San Francisco. Postwar Years For the remainder of 1945, Yorktown crisscrossed the Pacific returning American servicemen to the United States. Initially placed in reserve in June 1946, it was decommissioned the following January. It remained inactive until June 1952 when it was selected to undergo a SCB-27A modernization. This saw a radical redesign of the ships island and well as modifications to allow it operate jet aircraft. Completed in February 1953, Yorktown was re-commissioned and departed for the Far East. Operating in this region until 1955, it entered the yard at Puget Sound that March and had an angled flight deck installed. Resuming active service in October, Yorktown resumed duty in the western Pacific with the 7th Fleet. After two years of peacetime operations, the carriers designation was changed to antisubmarine warfare. Arriving at Puget Sound in September 1957, Yorktown underwent modifications to support this new role. The US Navy aircraft carrier USS Yorktown (CVS-10) at sea off Hawaii (USA), some time between 1961 and 1963.   US Naval History and Heritage Command Leaving the yard in early 1958, Yorktown commenced operating from Yokosuka, Japan. The following year, it helped deter Communist Chinese forces during the standoff at Quemoy and Matsu. The next five years saw the carrier conduct routine peacetime training and maneuvers on the West Coast and in the Far East. With the growing American involvement in the Vietnam War, Yorktown began operating with TF 77 on Yankee Station. Here it provided anti-submarine warfare and sea-air rescue support to its consorts. In January 1968, the carrier shifted to the Sea of Japan to as part of a contingency force following the North Korean capture of USS Pueblo. Remaining abroad until June, Yorktown then returned to Long Beach completing its final Far East tour. That November and December, Yorktown served as a filming platform for the film Tora! Tora! Tora! about the attack on Pearl Harbor. With the end of filming, the carrier steamed into the Pacific to recover Apollo 8 on December 27. Shifting to the Atlantic in early 1969, Yorktown began conducting training exercises and took part in NATO maneuvers. An aging vessel, the carrier arrived in Philadelphia the following year and was decommissioned on June 27. Struck from the Navy List a year later, Yorktown moved to Charleston, SC in 1975. There it became the centerpiece of the Patriots Point Naval Maritime Museum and where it remains today.

Marketing foundation Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Marketing foundation - Assignment Example Besides this, the product will be launched in the consumer market which will have to displayed and presented differently if it were to target the construction companies. The product’s packaging and display will be altered as per the consumers’ requirements. As there is a need for separate shower flooring which does not need to be cleaned every now and then and which does not make moulds in the ground because of water, Reece Company is giving the market a one-time solution for moulds in the shower place. Because of constant contact with water, mould is one of the biggest concerns of the consumers. Therefore, the new shower flooring must be of a premium quality. The tiles must allow easy flow of water and do not let water to accumulate on the floor. The new unique shower floor makes the water flow easier which makes it convenient for cleaning and drying it because of which, the possibility of moulds growing on the floor is minimized to the least level. A cushion layer is placed between the base and the surface which acts as a conductor of heat which prevents the tiles from getting cold. The new shower floor will be available in both small sizes and large sizes with the smallest being a standard of 8 x 10 inches, the medium size of 12 x 12 inches and the largest size of an 12 x 36 inch slab. As the product will be sold directly to the end consumer, all sizes will come in a standard pack of 10 tiles. The new shower will be called SmartSwash. The brand will be promoted in the target segment of 30 – 40 age groups who are most eligible to buy new homes or are receptive to the idea of renovation with the benefits offered by SmartSwash. After the sales, Reece Company’s outlet will arrange for transport for large customers. A supervisor who will guide the workers through with the installation will be sent to every customer. Besides

The Inevitability of Globalization Research Paper

The Inevitability of Globalization - Research Paper Example The concepts of globalization and interdependence are tightly connected. Many literature refer to globalization as the intensification of global interconnectedness and interdependence. Roland Robertson, the key figure in the formalization of the term globalization, stressed on the increasing level of interdependence between national systems in the aspects of trade, military affairs and culture (Waters, 2001). Waters (2001) defined globalization as "a social process in which the constraints of geography on economic, political, social and cultural arrangements recede, in which people become increasingly aware that they are receding and in which people act accordingly"(p. 5). The definition of globalization given by Inda and Rosaldo (2002) described globalization very well as the "intensification of global interconnectedness, suggesting a world full of movement and mixture, contact and linkages, and persistent cultural interaction and exchange" (p. 2). However, in economic terms, global ization refers to the integration of national or local economies to the global economy, facilitated by trade, migration, investments. Indeed, the complex processes and mobilities that come with the phenomenon of globalization describe the world we live in today. Long gone are the days when the world and its peoples can be conceptualized as forming isolated or separate societies, each with its own and   distinct culture. According to Inda and Rosaldo (2002), culture was assumed to be intrinsically discontinuous.

Memory Cost Essay Example for Free

Memory Cost Essay Over the past 30 years the cost of Electronics has steadily decreased. The cost of electronic storage has decreased greatly over the past 30 years as well. In this paper I will be talking about the decrease in the cost of RAM and Hard Drive Storage, how much will a 100TB HDD will cost when it becomes widely available in the future, and how much memory I will be able to buy with $100 in 10 years. In 1956, IBM created the first commercial Hard Drive called the IBM 305 RAMAC which held 5MB and cost a whopping 50 thousand dollars! Electronic storage started being more widespread during the early 1980’s, but it wasn’t until the 1990s that RAM and Hard Drive Storage begin to be cheap enough for the average person. Back in 1981 the price for one MB of Hard Drive storage space was $340! Most people couldn’t afford a computer back in the 1980’s because of the huge cost. Through the 1980’s the cost per MB fell from around $340 during 1981 then to $40 per MB in 1988, and finally to $9 per MB in 1990. The cost of one Bit of ram in 1981 was 0.000425 cents, in 1988 it was 0.000005 cents, in 1995 it was 0.000000158 cents, in 2000 the cost per Bit was 0.000000063, and in 2013 the cost per Bit was 7.910^-10 cents. To get an understanding of how much memory will cost in the future and when 100TB hard drives will become commercially available, we have to take a look at how the price for memory has gotten cheaper over the past 10-30 years, the ever increasing amount of storage space that can be squeezed onto a hard drive platter, and take in to account the rapid growth in the technology field. According to Chris Mellor in his article (http://www.theregister.co.uk/2013/11/01/hp_memristor_2018/) technology giant HP announced that 100TB hard drives could be available as early as 2018. I firmly believe that in 4 years by 2018 there will be 100TB drives for sale to the public but they will probably be very expensive till they go into mass production. In 10 years, we will be able to buy a hard drive with a phenomenal amount of storage space. From 1990 to  2014 the price has gone down exponentially from $9 per MB to under 150 MB per Cent! If we follow that exponential trend we are looking at hard drives that can hold over 100TB that cost fewer than 100 dollars, while the RAM will decrease in price slower. In conclusion, the cost of Storage such as RAM and Hard Drives has gotten very cheap, from over $500 per MB to 5 cents per GB! We will see a continual decrease in the cost of electronic storage and an increase in the amount of storage in smaller packages. Picture Citation: http://www.aei.org/publication/chart-of-the-day-the-falling-price-of-memory/ Citations http://ns1758.ca/winch/winchest.html http://www.theregister.co.uk/2013/11/01/hp_memristor_2018/ http://www.jcmit.com/memoryprice.htm

Theme of Self Confidence in Literature Essay -- Literature Theme Analy

Theme of Self Confidence in Literature Spirit of self shows self confidence. In the stories of "The Life of a Slave" by: Frederick Douglass and "The Invisible Man" (The Narrator, The Battle Royale) by: Ralph Ellison with shorts stories of Black Elk Speaks (High Horse, Crazy Horse and Pipe Boyhood) Translated by: Jim Neidhardt all have characteristics of self confidence. Self Confidence comes from the spirit of self which is the belief of what you have, the essence that keeps you going and the ability to persevere when others do not. These stories contain a narrator and a story of their past experiences. In Black Elk Speaks, several of his short stories (Crazy Horse, Early Boyhood and The Offering of the Pipe) tells us about Black Elks experience as a Native American and how his Native tribe has gone through a lot to fight against their enemy, the wasichus. They've been fighting for their right, their freedom except in the offering of the pipe, he tells the story of how a beautiful lady gave a pipe to the chief and it co ntains nothing but good coming out of it. Another short story called "High Horse Courting" is about how High Horse is deeply in love with a beautiful Native American and to get the girl in any possible way. "The Life of a Slave" is about the life of Frederick Douglass and how Mr. Covey treats him as a slave when he is young. Lastly, the Narrator from the "Battle Royale" is about the Narrator wanting to achieve his dream to orate his speech to the people and get a scholarship to a college where he achieves his dream for his future, but first he is told to fight in a ring with a bunch of strong, tall people being blindfold and win in order to get his wish. All of these stories contain characteristics which h... ...he definition of Spirit of Self. These stories show perseverance, a belief of purpose. They show Self Confidence, belief of yourself and your own abilities and Lastly, they show essence, to characterize or identify something. These characteristics all achieves their dream and never wanting to stop. There are people in the world try to stop on what you want to do in life but their soul, mind and imagination; they drive to be where they want to be. Its not all about having everything in the world nor having money and success that a certain person don't deserve. Its about you gaining your goal, achieving your dream and drive to get where you want to be. That's how Spirit of Self concludes. It'll always remain its placed definition: the belief of self confidence you have in you, your essence that keeps you going in the world and the ability to persevere when others don't.

Fight to Win (Race of My Life) Herman Meyer

McVittie 1Fight to Win The two novels pivot around that central theme, strength of character. The first novel, †The Race of my Life† is an autobiography by alpine ski racer, Herman Meyer. The second book   Ã¢â‚¬Å"Fighter† was a biography of George St-Pierre, a mixed martial arts (MMA) fighter. Two contemporary, highly skilled athletes in completely unrelated sports. Both are at the top of their game and are face with a large obstacle that they will have to overcome to proceed with their career. You are ultimately only as strong as you character. Sometimes you win, sometimes you lose, but when faced with adversity, it is only those with supreme sense of character that will come out on top. Hermann Maier is on top, winning world cup as well as Olympic gold in his sport, downhill alpine ski racing. He has been consistently breaking records with grace and speed through hard work and natural talent. But in the summer of 2001 Hermann Maier’s skiing career comes to a screeching halt. It is not just a question of â€Å"will he race again? †, but â€Å"will he survive and will he ever walk again? †. The accident didn’t occur during a death defying ski race, but instead on a break from training out cruising on his custom made Harley Davidson motorcycle. The near fatal motorcycle crash breaks his leg so badly, almost to the point of amputation and Maier is in the Intensive Care Unit battling infections as a result of a 9 hour reconstructive surgery to peace his leg back together. Maier speaks of waking up after surgery, not knowing if he still has a leg. â€Å"during a ski race, a split second will make the difference between victory or defeat. But now much more was at stake. †(Hermann. Page 1) This gives you some insight as to how bad the situation really was. Not unlike Hermann, George St-Pierre’s (GSP) career may also be in jeopardy. Having fought to get to the top in the vicious sport known as MMA, Mixed martial arts, Saint Pierre has achieved the title, the gold belt. He is the first MMA fighter to receive mainstream corporate sponsorship and endorsement deals. He is sitting in the number one position for his weight class when the unexpected happens. GSP is challenged to protect his position in a title fight against welterweight champ GJ Penn. Penn who holds the title in the next weight class up from GSP. Penn wants to drop down to light weight division to fight the number one ranked GSP. â€Å"Just when I thought I was on top of it all, Penn announces that he will be dropping a weight class to fight me for my belt. (GSP. Page 26) If GSP looses this fight, not only will he lose the belt and the tile, there are fortunes to be lost in endorsements and revenue from future fights. Both Maier and GSP who have achieved success in their sport, are faced with dealing with a possibly career ending situation. Neither sport is for the weak minded and they have fought long and hard, through focused and disciplined training to get where they are in their careers. They will have to muster all the strength in their character to overcome such adversity now.

Traces of Hindu Temple Architecture in Taj Mahal

Chapter 2 Traces of Hindu Temple Architecture in Taj Mahal As mentioned earlier in the old chapter that many critics have found Urdu hints and Taj edifice is a symbolical representation of Mughal memorial merely. But Professor P.N. Oak challenges such thoughts and brings out a review that the Taj Mahal is really a Hindu Temple of Lord Shiva ( Tejo-Mahalaya ) . As P.N Oak besides theorizes that a rock lettering which is known as the Bateshwar lettering is kept in the Lucknow Museum which shows that this memorial can be a temple of Lord Shiva. It was found that the size of Mumtaz’s empty tomb is non of tallness of an mean Islamic adult female of the 17th century and the grave is non of appropriate dimensions. It could be said that the Shiva Linga which is considered as really sacred and sanctum is really under the grave. The grave is on the first floor so it is non clear if Mumtaz’s organic structure is truly buried in Taj Mahal because organic structures are normally buried in the Earth and non in the flooring. This grave of Mumtaz is of the tallness of Hindu Shiva linga and if farther excavation would be allowed the consequence would come therefore Forth. Taj Mahal bears a batch of Hinduism hints and all such Markss have been pointed out by P.N. Oak in his book. On the arch of Taj Mahal’s chief grave there is a trident ( trishul ) which is emblem of all Hindu Temples in India and no mosque or any other Muslim memorial has a trident over its grave. All workss and trees which are present in the gardens of the Taj Mahal are sacred to Hindus like Lotus, Tulsi, Banyan trees, etc. The chief forms are drawn which are found are Bel foliages and Harshringar flowers, these are really used as an offering to Lord Shiva. There is a cardinal chamber in between of eight doors which provides us the thought where the emblem of Lord Chandra-manleeshwar was present. The proper flooring of this cardinal transition besides gives us an thought that Lord Chandra- manleeshwar used to dance to idolize Lord Shiva. The high day of reckoning above it is besides a common characteristic is dripped over the Shiva linga from a bowl hanging on a certain tallness. Even the ushers of Taj Mahal Tell to all visitants about the tradition of a bead of rain H2O which is falling from tallness of the dome on the grave in the cardinal chamber, this is really a topographic point from where the H2O used to drop on the Shiva Linga in the older times. There are silver doors and aureate railings which are in the fixtures of the Taj Mahal, clearly give the Indianness to the memorial because boulder clay day of the month we can happen such fixtures in our Hindu Temples. There are some ancient Hindu colored studies of eight directional arrows, 16 cobras, thirty two tridents, and sixty four flowers of Nelumbo nucifera which are in the multiple of four which is considered auspicious in Hindu faith. This study is designed in the Taj Mahal’s cardinal chamber, from the grave of Mumtaz this form can be seen really clearly. Even Tavernier besides mentioned that the bazaar used to be placed in the six tribunals of the Taj Mahal and this thing is everyone knows that in the tradition of Hindus carnivals and bazaars are set up around temples till day of the month. On all four side entrywaies of the Taj Mahal, there is trident ( trishul ) is inlaid, which is sole arm of Lord Shiva. It clearly proves that it is a Shiva temple. Some pointed out that the Taj Mahal dome has the Arabic scratching ‘Allaho Akbar’ significance ‘God is Great’ . These words were engraved on pinnacle ordered by Shah Jahan after he took over the Hindu temple and commandeered to alter in Islamic usage. But the same reproduction of the pinnacle inlaid in the red-stone courtyard does non hold that Islamic lettering. Then there are broad adorned Chamberss and an adjoining long corridor with the full length of those flats. These Chamberss are fundamentally at the lower degree than the basement cardinal chamber. The Chamberss which are right under the Gravess of King and Queen on two floors which are sealed in a hit-or-miss manner with bricks are likely to hold Hindu graven images and letterings. The corridors which may be running under the red-stone patio, they all are sealed. Likewise all the ventilator type gaps and doors in the flat row have besides been crudely walled up under the red-stone patio. We will be able to see the beauty of the belowground flats if those fillings are removed. It is really much possible that Taj Mahal has two floors above the river bed and one in the cellar which has been sealed by Shah Jahan. ‘Taj Mahal’ is a disgusting signifier of Sanskrit ‘Tejo Mahalaya’ intending ‘Resplendent Shrine’ . This name besides attach to Lord Shiva because his 3rd oculus is said to breathe a tantrum if lustre that is ‘Tejo’ . Even if we look at the existent significance of the term ‘Taj Mahal’ it means a ‘crown residence’ and non a grave. If these Gravess would hold been the existent Gravess, they wouldn’t have been so much decorated because in Muslim civilization Gravess wouldn’t have been so much decorated. The cadaver of Mumtaz, if it is buried in the Taj Mahal, it can non be in the land floor or in the basement chamber. There are other a Hindu symbols which are found in the Taj Mahal, like usage of the sacred Hindu chant ‘OM’ . ‘OM’ is crafted into the marble flower of Nelumbo nucifera both Nelumbo nucifera and OM are symbolically apart of Hindu civilization which are present on the walls of Taj Mahal even on the so called â€Å"graves† . Any pupil or bookman of architecture can clearly state that the ‘flower’ drawn on the marbles is a portion of ancient Hindu temple drawings and non of any Muslim burial chamber craft. There is one of import point besides that clip or instead span of decease of Mumtaz is non clear. Some historiographers says that, she died in 1630 or 1631or 1632 A.D. , and in the celebrated burial chamber it is written that she died in 1629 A.D. It is absurdto think cipher knows the right timing of Mumtaz’s decease. In fact, Taj Mahal has Hindu castle dimensions. Taj Mahal has many doors which are in spiked form. There are ruddy rock corridors, irritants and suites all these properties are merely like typical Rajput edifice. ‘Ghat’ which is really common in temple castle, exists in Taj Mahal. Gateways of the Taj Mahal which are now closed were earlier the topographic point to bathe in the river and travel yachting. Many suites in the Taj Mahal composite are the membranophone houses. These membranophone houses are a portion of Rajputana architecture. It is obvious that in memorial topographic point no membranophone houses are planned to do, and there is no music topographic points made in any Islamic edifices, music is really restricted, hence the membranophone houses clearly prove the manus of Hinduism in the Taj Mahal. There are so many suites for invitees, ground forces withdrawals, servers, caterers etc for any royal intents. Such architecture is ne'er used in doing any grave. All the walls and doors are besides in Hindu dimension, like Ag doors which have been discussed earlier. In the Taj Mahal there are four towers at the each room access. The top of the tower is made up by brass Kalases. Kalases is a Sanskrit word and this word can ne'er be connected to any grave and besides does non suit the Taj edifice architecture. ‘Kalas’ signifies a shinning pinnacle made up by brass or gold. This word merely comes in a connexion of temples or any Hindu castle but Taj Mahal’s top of the tower uses similar stuff and hence this besides gives us the intimation of Temple like castle alternatively of a burial grave. Three different scientific trials took topographic point to happen out the actualities of Taj Mahal. First one is Donodo chronology, in this trial wood sample is taken of several historic edifice. Second one is Thermoluminescence, in this trial a brick pulverization or whole brick is taken and happen out when this brick was baked. This trial is really helpful in happening the age of the historic edifices. Third trial is Carbon-14 trial ; this trial is helpful in happening out the existent age of any living being like wood piece or bone. Professor Mills from New York took the Carbon-14 trial by taking out little wooden piece of one of the Taj Mahal’s wooden door. This study published in theItihasPatrika. It was found out that the likely age of the sample is from 1448 and 1270 A.D. This trial clearly proves that the Taj Mahal existed much before Shah Jahan. But here I would wish to state readers clearly that the age which was proved in the trial was of the Northeastern room access and non of the Taj Mahal’s marble. In this chapter, many illustrations have been discussed which clearly tell that Taj Mahal is fundamentally a Hindu antediluvian temple ( Tejo Mahalaya ) and non a grave.

Free Essays on Economic Conditions In England And Their Part In Encouraging Western Colonization

From the Spanish Conquistadors to the Virginia Company, influences from the government and the environment have helped to stir excitement and intrigue into the minds of those who colonized the world we live in now. There were many factors, both social and political, that urged colonization. Economic situations in England were the main factors in motivating colonization of the New World. The economic circumstances of the time led to a need for new products and a new place to build your own life, free from some of the restrictions of the mother country. Life as they knew it, was going to drastically change. A first look at the New World lent itself to an image of complete freedom. The New World promised new social opportunities. England’s rigid social system did not lend itself for social climbing or personal success. You’re place in society was your place in society. There was no leeway for you to move upward. Add in the Rule of Primogeniture, which states that only the first-born son can inherit the estate in reference to nobility, and you have several non-first born sons looking to make their mark on society. The obvious place to do this would be the Americas. In the Americas, North America when referring to the areas settled by the English, land was cheap and you could create your own â€Å"kingdom†. Non-first born sons became landowners and officials. Also, without the strict supervision of the mother country, it was possible to bend the rules a little bit and allow for a more elastic social ladder. Upward mobility was possible for the first time in an English-based society. Moreover, other aspects of society that motivated this new exploration and discovery were the political aspects. It began in 1533 when King Henry VIII formed his own church. Seeking to divorce his wife, Catherine of Aragà ³n, against the wishes of the Catholic Church, he formed a church where he could divorce freely and where he was the ... Free Essays on Economic Conditions In England And Their Part In Encouraging Western Colonization Free Essays on Economic Conditions In England And Their Part In Encouraging Western Colonization From the Spanish Conquistadors to the Virginia Company, influences from the government and the environment have helped to stir excitement and intrigue into the minds of those who colonized the world we live in now. There were many factors, both social and political, that urged colonization. Economic situations in England were the main factors in motivating colonization of the New World. The economic circumstances of the time led to a need for new products and a new place to build your own life, free from some of the restrictions of the mother country. Life as they knew it, was going to drastically change. A first look at the New World lent itself to an image of complete freedom. The New World promised new social opportunities. England’s rigid social system did not lend itself for social climbing or personal success. You’re place in society was your place in society. There was no leeway for you to move upward. Add in the Rule of Primogeniture, which states that only the first-born son can inherit the estate in reference to nobility, and you have several non-first born sons looking to make their mark on society. The obvious place to do this would be the Americas. In the Americas, North America when referring to the areas settled by the English, land was cheap and you could create your own â€Å"kingdom†. Non-first born sons became landowners and officials. Also, without the strict supervision of the mother country, it was possible to bend the rules a little bit and allow for a more elastic social ladder. Upward mobility was possible for the first time in an English-based society. Moreover, other aspects of society that motivated this new exploration and discovery were the political aspects. It began in 1533 when King Henry VIII formed his own church. Seeking to divorce his wife, Catherine of Aragà ³n, against the wishes of the Catholic Church, he formed a church where he could divorce freely and where he was the ...

Battle of Belmont in the Civil War

Battle of Belmont in the Civil War Battle of Belmont - Conflict Date: The Battle of Belmont was fought November 7, 1861, during the American Civil War (1861-1865). Armies Commanders Union Brigadier General Ulysses S. Grant3,114 men Confederate Brigadier General Gideon Pillowapprox. 5,000 men Battle of Belmont - Background: During the opening stages of the Civil War, the critical border state of Kentucky declared its neutrality and announced it would align opposite the first side that violated its borders. This occurred on September 3, 1861, when Confederate forces under Major General Leonidas Polk occupied Columbus, KY. Perched along a series of bluffs overlooking the Mississippi River, the Confederate position at Columbus was quickly fortified and soon mounted a large number of heavy guns which commanded the river. In response, the commander of the District of Southeast Missouri, Brigadier General Ulysses S. Grant, dispatched forces under Brigadier General Charles F. Smith to occupy Paducah, KY on the Ohio River. Based at Cairo, IL, at the confluence of the Mississippi and Ohio Rivers, Grant was eager to strike south against Columbus. Though he began requesting permission to attack in September, he received no orders from his superior, Major General John C. Frà ©mont. In early November, Grant elected to move against the small Confederate garrison at Belmont, MO, located across the Mississippi from Columbus. Battle of Belmont - Moving South: To support the operation, Grant directed Smith to move southwest from Paducah as a diversion and Colonel Richard Oglesby, whose forces were in southeast Missouri, to march to New Madrid. Embarking on the night of November 6, 1861, Grants men sailed south aboard steamers escorted by the by the gunboats USS Tyler and USS Lexington. Consisting of four Illinois regiments, one Iowa regiment, two companies of cavalry, and six guns, Grants command numbered over 3,000 and was divided into two brigades led by Brigadier General John A. McClernand and Colonel Henry Dougherty. Around 11:00 PM, the Union flotilla halted for the night along the Kentucky shore. Resuming their advance in the morning, Grants men reached Hunters Landing, approximately three miles north of Belmont, around 8:00 AM and began disembarking. Learning of the Union landing, Polk instructed Brigadier General Gideon Pillow to cross the river with four Tennessee regiments to reinforce Colonel James Tappans command at Camp Johnston near Belmont. Sending out cavalry scouts, Tappan deployed the bulk of his men to the northwest blocking the road from Hunters Landing. Battle of Belmont - The Armies Clash: Around 9:00 AM, Pillow and the reinforcements began arriving increasing Confederate strength to around 2,700 men. Pushing forward skirmishers, Pillow formed his main defensive line northwest of the camp along a low rise in a cornfield. Marching south, Grants men cleared the road of obstructions and drove back the enemy skirmishers. Forming for battle in a wood, his troops pressed forward and were forced to cross a small marsh before engaging Pillows men. As the Union troops emerged from the trees, the fighting began in earnest (Map). For around an hour, both sides sought to gain an advantage, with the Confederates holding their position. Around noon, the Union artillery finally reached the field after struggling through the wooded and marshy terrain. Opening fire, it began to turn the battle and Pillows troops began falling back. Pressing their attacks, the Union troops slowly advanced with forces working around the Confederate left. Soon Pillows forces were effectively pressed back to the defenses at Camp Johnston with Union troops pinning them against the river. Mounting a final assault, the Union troops surged into the camp and drove the enemy into sheltered positions along the riverbank. Having taken the camp, discipline among the raw Union soldiers evaporated as they began plundering the camp and celebrating their victory. Describing his men as demoralized from their victory, Grant quickly grew concerned as he saw Pillows men slipping north into the woods and Confederate reinforcements crossing the river. These were two additional regiments which had been sent by Polk to aid in the fighting. Battle of Belmont - The Union Escape: Eager to restore order and having accomplished the objective of the raid, he ordered the camp set on fire. This action along with shelling from the Confederate guns at Columbus quickly shook the Union troops from their reverie. Falling into formation, the Union troops began departing Camp Johnston. To the north, the first Confederate reinforcements were landing. These were followed by Brigadier General Benjamin Cheatham who had been dispatched to rally the survivors. Once these men had landed, Polk crossed with two more regiments. Advancing through the woods, Cheathams men ran into straight into Doughertys right flank. While Doughertys men were under heavy fire, McClernands found Confederate troops blocking the Hunters Farm road. Effectively surrounded, many Union soldiers wished to surrender. Not willing to give in, Grant announced that we had cut our way in and could cut our way out just as well. Directing his men accordingly, they soon shattered the Confederate position astride the road and conducted a fighting retreat back to Hunters Landing. While his men boarded the transports under fire, Grant moved alone to check on his rear guard and assess the enemys progress. In doing so, he ran into a large Confederate force and barely escaped. Racing back the landing, he found that the transports were departing. Seeing Grant, one of the steamers extended a plank, allowing the general and his horse to dash aboard. Battle of Belmont - Aftermath: Union losses for the Battle of Belmont numbered 120 killed, 383 wounded, and 104 captured/missing. In the fighting, Polks command lost 105 killed, 419 wounded, and 117 captured/missing. Though Grant had achieved his objective of destroying the camp, the Confederates claimed Belmont as a victory. Small relative to the conflicts later battles, Belmont provided valuable fighting experience for Grant and his men. A formidable position, the Confederate batteries at Columbus were abandoned in early 1862 after Grant outflanked them by capturing Fort Henry on the Tennessee River and Fort Donelson on the Cumberland River. Selected Sources CWSAC Battle Summary: Battle of Belmont HistoryNet: Battle of Belmont

Social or Cultural issues in Early Contemporary Literature Research Paper

Social or Cultural issues in Early Contemporary Literature - Research Paper Example This issue was dealt in early contemporary literature in a profound way. Feminism also became the focal point of early contemporary literature because a strong need was felt to transform the society, so as to make it possible for all groups to contribute its development. Virginia Woolf, an American writer was very vocal in bringing to light this issue. America was undergoing a huge transformation and she felt that it was imperative for women to be a part of the mainstream life. The nature of Woolf’s feminism is crucial to assessment of her writing, especially in Three Guineas... By contrast, Woolf presents a deeply radical sort of feminism. Her feminism was original, yet firmly rooted in the women’s movement of her time. Incorporating a vision of a completely changed society, Three Guineas is more radical than most of us recognize... In this book, war is not Woolf’s main target... For her, war is only one of the products, admittedly one of the worst products, of a system of power and domination that has its root in gender hierarchy. That hierarchy, and all others, are the targets of her feminism. (Black, 7) Feminism is in most cases misunderstood and misinterpreted by readers of early contemporary literature.